Broadside

This broadside incorporates 3 different typefaces:

Elephant

Typo Slab (Downloaded from Dafont.com)

Helvetica Neue Light

The text is taken from one of Jenny Holzer's Truisms (More information at 'About').

'Astley's playbill, 1877' (Cramsie, p. 124) was used as a general guideline in regards to basic design.

Summary

Copper Engravings

Who created them? Christopher Plantin in the Polyglot Bible.

When were they made? Around 1450 (Cramsie writes that it was invented a few years before Gutenberg's press). However, it later became popular in Antwerp after it arrived in the late 1540s.

Where were they made? The technique was first established in Germany and later became popularized in Antwerp.

How do they work? They were achieved by scratching into a copper plate, rubbing waxy ink into these engraved marks, wiping the surface clean, and putting it through a press onto a damp piece of paper.

Did they become popular and why? This technique became popular due to the range of textures that could be achieved and the size of the prints that could be achieved.

Critical Editions of the Bible and their Role in the Printing of Bibles in National Languages

http://expositions.nlr.ru/eng/bibles/critic.php

Wood Engravings

Who created them? It's popularity can be drawn to Thomas Bewick, although he didn't invent it.

When were they made? Early 19th century.

Where were they made? Britain.

How do they work? A print was created from the raised, uncut parts of the block. The wood used was also cut into the end grain as opposed to the side grain, allowing for a more accurate and detailed image. Bewick would cut back parts of the raised design in order to achieve a wider range of value.

Did they become popular and why? They became popular during the 19th century due to wood being cheap, longer lasting than copper, and being able to be printed alongside type. There was also a demand for illustrations from periodicals, newspapers, and catalogues

Heron Woodcut, Thomas Bewick. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heron_woodcut_Bewick%27s_British_Birds_1847.jpg

Steam Powered Presses

Who created them? Friedrich Koenig inThe Times Newspaper.

When were they made? 1814.

Where were they made? London.

How do they work? An unbroken roll of paper was run through this press and could be printed on both sides. As a result, printing became much faster and efficient, printing up to 1,100 copies in an hour.

Did they become popular and why? This method became immensely popular due to it's speed of production, and that newspapers in Britain at this time were its most read objects.

Front Page, 'The New York Herald', 1865. http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-1865-new-york-herald-front-page-reporting-the-assassination-of-president-72281346.html

Who created them? One notable artists was Owen Jones, who created a source book of ornamental styles (pictured below).

When were they made? 1850-1900.

Where were they made? Germany and Britain.

How do they work? Each color is printed separately with precision so that they don't overlap. The technique of waxing a design onto a flat surface and printing remains the same.

Did they become popular and why? Became popular during the Arts and Crafts movement, in which the goal was to revive the craft techniques of the Middle Ages.

Chromolithography

'The Grammer of Ornament' Owen Jones. http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/a-higher-ambition-owen-jones/

Woodcuts

Who created them? While being established in Asia in the early 3rd century AD, it didn't become established in Europe until soon after Gutenberg's press. Albert Pfister was the first to use woodcuts for non-decorative illustrations alongside text.

When were they made? In Europe, 1460. In Asia, as early as around 220 AD.

Where were they made? Germany.

How do they work? A wooden block is carved so that a design is raised from the surface. This raised surface is then inked and transferred to a surface by rubbing or pressing.

Did they become popular? In Europe, this method became popular in providing illustrations alongside printed text for both secular and religious texts.

Mainz, from the Nuremberg Chronicle. https://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/images/mainzlge.jpg

Stereotypes

Who created them? Firmin Didot.

When were they made? Near the end of the 18th century.

Where were they made? France.

How do they work? They were moulds made from plaster-of-Paris that contained precise impressions of the form that was to be printed. This was to keep the actual woodcut or type set out of use and preserved so that the stereotypes were just used.

Did they become popular and why? They became popular due to the high demand for illustrations in periodicals, newspapers, and catalogs. Schedules in print journalism became tighter and more demanding, and thus its need, as the original cuts couldn't be used fast enough to meet the demand.

A stereotype mold ("flong") being made. ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype_(printing)#/media/File:Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006484_033_Herstellen_einer_Mater_(Stereotypie).jpg

Lithography

Who created them? Alois Senefelder.

When were they made? between 1796 and 1799.